Index of Persons

Search Tips

For best results, users are recommended to use the advanced search functions. Search results can also be improved by the use of the the following Boolean search characters:

Wildcard Characters:

Given the prevalence of variant spellings in names, using Wildcard Characters may help.

"?" can be inserted as a variant for any single character.

Thus a search for:

G?wargis  
returns results which contain either "Gewargis" or "Giwargis".

Similarly a search for:

M?r  
returns results which contain either "Mar" or "Mor".

"*" can be inserted as a variant for multiple characters or a truncated word.

Thus a search for:

Dayr*  
returns results for "Dayr" and "Dayro" and more.

Similarly a search for

Ab*  
returns results for "ʿAbdishoʿ" and "ʿAbda" and more.

Note: Because the sources we quote use a variety of transliteration formats, Syriaca.org ignores diacritics and punctuation in searching; for example, use of "ʿ" is not required to find results with this diacritical mark.

Fuzzy Search Character

Appending the character "~" after a word returns results for words that are close but not exact matches.

Thus a search for

Aba~  
returns results which contain "Aba" but also "Abi", "Saba", "Aha", and other words that are "fuzzy" matches for "Aba".

Exact Phrase Searches

To find an exact phrase, it should be enclosed in double quotes.

Thus

"ʿAbdishoʿ I"  
returns only one result with that exact phrase, while several results are found for the words "ʿAbdishoʿ" and "I".

Proximity Characters

To find two or more words which occur within a specified range of each other, one can append the character "~" followed by a number to an "Exact Phrase" search. This allows one to search for two or more words that occur within a specified distance of each other as defined by number of words.

Thus

"Jacob+Bishop"~2  
finds three results in which the words "Jacob" and "Bishop" occur within two words of each other: "Jacob , bishop of Nisibin", "Jacob, bishop of Phesilta", and "Jacob , bishop of ‛Ānah" while a simple search for "Jacob Bishop" returns many more results.

Results (232)

al-Malik al-Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Abū l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb — Names: al-Malik al-Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Abū l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf ibn Ayyūbal-Malik al-Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Abū l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Ayyubid ruler (d. 1260)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1487
al-Malik al-Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Dāʾūd ibn al-Malik al-Muʿaẓẓam (= al-Malik al-Nāṣir ⅠⅠ Dāʾūd ibn al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā Sharaf al-Dīn — Names: al-Malik al-Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Dāʾūd ibn al-Malik al-Muʿaẓẓam (= al-Malik al-Nāṣir ⅠⅠ Dāʾūd ibn al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā Sharaf al-Dīnal Malik al Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ al Dīn Dāʾūd ibn al Malik al Muʿaẓẓam = al Malik al Nāṣir ⅠⅠ Dāʾūd ibn al Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā...URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1488
Muḥammad Ghiyāth al-Dīn ⅠⅠ, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn — Names: Muḥammad Ghiyāth al-Dīn ⅠⅠ, Ṣalāḥ al-DīnMuḥammad Ghiyāth al-Dīn ⅠⅠ, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo (`reg.` 634– 658/1236–1260)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1489
al-Malik al-Qāhir Muḥammad ibn Shīrkūh I Asad al-Dīn ibn Shādhī, Naṣīr al-Dīn — Names: al-Malik al-Qāhir Muḥammad ibn Shīrkūh I Asad al-Dīn ibn Shādhī, Naṣīr al-Dīnal Malik al Qāhir Muḥammad ibn Shīrkūh I Asad al Dīn ibn Shādhī Naṣīr al Dīn also known as Asad al Dīn Shīrkūh lord...URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1491
al-Malik al-Saʿīd Ghāzī ibn al-Malik al-Manṣūr — Names: al-Malik al-Saʿīd Ghāzī ibn al-Malik al-Manṣūral-Malik al-Saʿīd Ghāzī ibn al-Malik al-Manṣūr, Artuqid ruler of MardinURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1492
al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ ⅠⅠ Ayyūb ibn al-Kāmil Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn, Najm al-Dīn — Names: al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ ⅠⅠ Ayyūb ibn al-Kāmil Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn, Najm al-Dīnal Malik al Ṣāliḥ ⅠⅠ Ayyūb ibn al Kāmil Muḥammad Nāṣir al Dīn Najm al Dīn Ayyubid ruler of Egypt `reg ` 638 647...URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1493
al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ ʿImād al-Dīn Abū l-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl ibn al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Abū Bakr ibn Ayyūb — Names: al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ ʿImād al-Dīn Abū l-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl ibn al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Abū Bakr ibn Ayyūbal Malik al Ṣāliḥ ʿImād al Dīn Abū l Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl ibn al Malik al ʿĀdil Abū Bakr ibn Ayyūb `reg ` 635 1237...URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1494
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Ghāzī ibn Yūsuf — Names: al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Ghāzī ibn Yūsufal-Malik al-Ẓāhir Ghāzī ibn Yūsuf, Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo (d. 613/1216)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1495
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn, Baybars Ⅰ al-Bunduqdārī — Names: al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn, Baybars Ⅰ al-Bunduqdārīal-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn, Baybars Ⅰ al-Bunduqdārī, Baḥrī Mamlūk, fourth Mamlūk ruler of Egypt (`reg.` 658–676/1260– 1277)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1496
Mankah al-Hindī (Māṇikya) — Names: Mankah al-Hindī (Māṇikya)Mankah al-Hindī (Māṇikya or Maṅkha)Mankah al-Hindī (Māṇikya), Indian physician and translator under Hārūn al-RashīdURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1501
al-Manṣūr ibn Abī ʿĀmir — Names: al-Manṣūr ibn Abī ʿĀmiral-Manṣūr ibn Abī ʿĀmir, chamberlain of al-Ḥakam ⅠⅠ and `de facto` ruler of al-Andalus between 368–392/978–1002URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1503
Manṣūr ibn Bānās — Names: Manṣūr ibn BānāsManṣūr ibn Bānās, translatorURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1504
Manṣūr ibn Dubays, Bahāʾ al-Dawlah — Names: Manṣūr ibn Dubays, Bahāʾ al-DawlahManṣūr ibn Dubays, Bahāʾ al-Dawlah, Mazyadid ruler (`reg.` 474–479/1082–1086)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1505
al-Manṣūr, Yaʿqūb Abū Yūsuf ibn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin — Names: al-Manṣūr, Yaʿqūb Abū Yūsuf ibn ʿAbd al-Muʾminal-Manṣūr, Yaʿqūb Abū Yūsuf ibn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin, third Almohad ruler (r 580– 595/1184–1199)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1508
Abū l-Faḍl Aḥmad ibn Abī Ṭāhir Ṭayfūr — Names: Abū l-Faḍl Aḥmad ibn Abī Ṭāhir ṬayfūrAbū l-Faḍl Aḥmad ibn Abī Ṭāhir Ṭayfūr, literary man and historianURI: https://usaybia.net/person/151
al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn — Names: al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīnal-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn (d. 845/1442), Egyptian historianURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1511
Māsarjawayh — Names: MāsarjawayhMāsarjawayh (also Māsarjīs, Persian Māsargōye), Jewish Umayyad physician and translatorURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1529
Masʿūd ibn Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegin — Names: Masʿūd ibn Maḥmūd ibn SebükteginMasʿūd ibn Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegin (`reg.` 421–432/1030–1040), ruler of GhaznahURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1541
al-Māwardī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb — Names: al-Māwardī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabībal-Māwardī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb, Shāfiʿite jurist (d. 450/1058)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1546
Maymūn al-Qaṣrī, Fāris al-Dīn — Names: Maymūn al-Qaṣrī, Fāris al-DīnMaymūn al-Qaṣrī, Fāris al-Dīn, Ayyubid ruler of Sidon and Nablus (d. 611/1214)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1552
al-Māzyār ibn Qārin — Names: al-Māzyār ibn Qārinal-Māzyār ibn Qārin (d. 225/840), last of the Qārinid rulers of TabaristanURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1553
Miʾat Alf Names: Miʾat AlfMiʾat Alf, the mother of Abū l-ʿAshāʾir (probably Abū l-ʿAshāʾir [Jaysh] ibn Khumārawayh, third ruler of the Tulunid dynasty)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1562
al-Minfākh Miskawayh, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad — Names: al-Minfākh Miskawayh, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn MuḥammadMiskawayhal-Minfākh Miskawayh, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad, philosopher and historian (d. 421/ 1030)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1571
Muḥammad ibn Khalaf al-Marzubān — Names: Muḥammad ibn Khalaf al-MarzubānMuḥammad ibn Khalaf al-Marzubān, 3rd/9th-c. scholar and translatorURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1622
Muḥammad ibn Malik-Shāh Abū Shujāʿ Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa-l-Dīn — Names: Muḥammad ibn Malik-Shāh Abū Shujāʿ Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa-l-DīnMuḥammad ibn Malik-Shāh Abū Shujāʿ Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa-l-Dīn, Seljuq ruler (`reg.` 498–511/1105–1118)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1624
al-Ḥasanī Muḥammad ibn Mūsā, Abū Jaʿfar al-Munajjim — Names: al-Ḥasanī Muḥammad ibn Mūsā, Abū Jaʿfar al-MunajjimMuḥammad ibn Mūsā the Astrologeral-Ḥasanī Muḥammad ibn Mūsā, Abū Jaʿfar al-Munajjim (‘the astrologer’), son of Mūsā ibn Shākir, patron of Ḥunayn ibn IsḥāqURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1627
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn ʿAbd al-Malik — Names: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn ʿAbd al-MalikMuḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn ʿAbd al Malik patron of translators perhaps = Abū ʿImrān Mūsā ibn ʿAbd al Malik ibn Hishām al Iṣbahānī high...URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1628
Muḥammad ibn Saʿīd al-Ṭabīb — Names: Muḥammad ibn Saʿīd al-ṬabībMuḥammad ibn Saʿīd al-Ṭabīb, one of the Andalusī translators of `De Materia Medica`URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1630
Muḥammad al-Shajjār — Names: Muḥammad al-ShajjārMuḥammad al-Shajjār, one of the Andalusī translators of `De Materia Medica`URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1644
Muʿizz al-Dawlah — Names: Muʿizz al-DawlahMuʿizz al-Dawlah, founder of Būyid rule in Baghdad (d. 356/967)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1654
Muʿizz al-Dawlah Thimāl ibn Ṣāliḥ — Names: Muʿizz al-Dawlah Thimāl ibn ṢāliḥMuʿizz al-Dawlah Thimāl ibn Ṣāliḥ, Mirdāsid ruler of Aleppo (`reg.` 442–449/1050–1057– 8)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1655
Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī — Names: Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirīMujāhid al-ʿĀmirī, ruler of the `ṭāʾifah` of Denia (`reg.` 405–436/1014–1044/45)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1656
Mumahhid al-Dawlah, Abū Manṣūr — Names: Mumahhid al-Dawlah, Abū ManṣūrMumahhid al-Dawlah, Abū Manṣūr, ruler from the Marwānid dynasty at MayyāfāriqīnURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1659
al-Mustaʿīn bi-Allāh, Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad ibn Hūd — Names: al-Mustaʿīn bi-Allāh, Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad ibn Hūdal-Mustaʿīn bi-Allāh, Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad ibn Hūd, ruler of the `tāʾifah` of Saragossa (`reg.` 478–503/1085–1110)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1685
al-Muʿtaḍid bi-Allāh Abī ʿAmr ʿAbbād ibn ʿAbbād — Names: al-Muʿtaḍid bi-Allāh Abī ʿAmr ʿAbbād ibn ʿAbbādal-Muʿtaḍid bi-Allāh Abī ʿAmr ʿAbbād ibn ʿAbbād, ruler of the `tāʾifah` of Seville (`reg.` 433–460/1042–1069)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1693
al-Muẓaffar, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Abī ʿĀmir — Names: al-Muẓaffar, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Abī ʿĀmiral-Muẓaffar, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Abī ʿĀmir, chamberlain of al-Ḥakam ⅠⅠ and `de facto` ruler of al-Andalus in 392–399/1002– 1008URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1718
al-Nāṣir — Names: al-Nāṣiral-Nāṣir, unidentified rulerURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1746
Naṣīr al-Dawlah ibn Marwān — Names: Naṣīr al-Dawlah ibn MarwānNaṣīr al-Dawlah ibn Marwān, Marwānid ruler of Diyār Bakr (d. 489/1096)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1749
Naṣr al-Dawlah Aḥmad ibn Marwān — Names: Naṣr al-Dawlah Aḥmad ibn MarwānNaṣr al-Dawlah Aḥmad ibn Marwān, Marwānid ruler of Mayyāfāriqīn and Diyār Bakr (`reg.` 401–453/1010–1060–1)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1756
al-Nawbakhtī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan — Names: al-Nawbakhtī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasanal-Nawbakhtī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan (d. between 300/912 and 310/922), Imamite scholar and translatorURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1760
Nicomachus of Gerasa — Names: Nicomachus of GerasaNicomachus of Gerasa, mathematician (d. AⅮ120)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1772
Nūr al-Dīn ibn Jamāl al-Dīn ibn Artaq `or` Artuq — Names: Nūr al-Dīn ibn Jamāl al-Dīn ibn Artaq `or` ArtuqNūr al-Dīn ibn Jamāl al-Dīn ibn Artaq `or` Artuq, ruler of ḤīnīURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1786
Nuṣrat al-Dīn ibn Jahān Pahlawān ibn Shams al-Dīn Eldigüz Names: Nuṣrat al-Dīn ibn Jahān Pahlawān ibn Shams al-Dīn EldigüzNuṣrat al-Dīn ibn Jahān Pahlawān ibn Shams al-Dīn Eldigüz, ruler of Azerbaijan (d. 582/1186)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1788
Phalaris Names: PhalarisPhalaris, 6th-c. BC tyrant of Akragas (the modern Agrigento) in SicilyURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1815
Philadelphus — Names: PhiladelphusPhiladelphus, Ptolemy ⅠⅠ Philadelphus, ruler of Egypt 283–46BCURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1818
Polycrates — Names: PolycratesPolycrates, tyrant of SamosURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1840
Qayḍā al-Ruhāwī — Names: Qayḍā al-RuhāwīQayḍā al-Ruhāwī, translator associate of Ḥunayn ibn IsḥāqURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1870
Qayṣar ibn Abī l-Qāsim ibn ʿAbd al-Ghanī ibn Musāfir al-Ḥanafī Names: Qayṣar ibn Abī l-Qāsim ibn ʿAbd al-Ghanī ibn Musāfir al-ḤanafīQayṣar ibn Abī l Qāsim ibn ʿAbd al Ghanī ibn Musāfir al Ḥanafī ʿAlam al Dīn known as Qayṣar and as al Taʿāsīf mathematician...URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1875
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Isḥāq — Names: ʿAbd Allāh ibn IsḥāqʿAbd Allāh ibn Isḥāq, 3rd/9th-c. patron of translatorsURI: https://usaybia.net/person/19
Ṣadaqah ibn Manṣūr ibn Dubays al-Asadī, Sayf al-Dawlah — Names: Ṣadaqah ibn Manṣūr ibn Dubays al-Asadī, Sayf al-DawlahṢadaqah ibn Manṣūr ibn Dubays al-Asadī, Sayf al-Dawlah, Mazyadid ruler of al-Ḥillah (`reg.` 479–501/1086–1108)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1944
al-Ṣafadī, Khalīl ibn Aybak — Names: al-Ṣafadī, Khalīl ibn Aybakal-Ṣafadī, Khalīl ibn Aybak, historian (d. 763/1363)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1949
Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥusaynī — Names: Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-ḤusaynīAbū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥusaynī, patron of Ibn SīnāURI: https://usaybia.net/person/196
Saʿīd ibn al-Biṭrīq (Eutychius) — Names: Saʿīd ibn al-Biṭrīq (Eutychius)Saʿīd ibn al Biṭrīq Eutychius physician patriarch of Alexandria historian author of `K al tārīkh al majmūʿ alā l taḥqīq wa l taṣdīq` `Naẓm...URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1965
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn/Saladin, Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, al-Malik al-Nāṣir — Names: Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn/Saladin, Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, al-Malik al-NāṣirṢalāḥ al-Dīn/Saladin, Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, al-Malik al-Nāṣir, Ayyubid monarch (532–589/1138–1193)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1981
Ṣāliḥ ibn Waṣīf — Names: Ṣāliḥ ibn WaṣīfṢāliḥ ibn Waṣīf, Turkish military captain and ruler in Samarra in the reign of al-Muhtadī (255–256/869–70)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/1987
Sallām al-Abrash, Abū Salamah — Names: Sallām al-Abrash, Abū SalamahSallām al-Abrash, Abū Salamah, early translator and member of Hārūn al-Rashīd’s householdURI: https://usaybia.net/person/1989
al-Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā ibn ʿAbbās al-Maghribī — Names: al-Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā ibn ʿAbbās al-Maghribīal-Samawʾalal-Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā ibn ʿAbbās al-Maghribī, mathematician (d. 570/1174)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/2000
Sanḥārīb — Names: SanḥārībSanḥārīb, Armenian ruler and patron of Qusṭā ibn Lūqā (active late 9th–early 10th-c.)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/2003
Sanjar, Aḥmad ibn Malikshāh — Names: Sanjar, Aḥmad ibn MalikshāhSanjar, Aḥmad ibn Malikshāh, Seljuq ruler (`reg.` 490–552/1118–1157)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/2006
Abū l-Ḥasan ibn Hūd — Names: Abū l-Ḥasan ibn HūdAbū l-Ḥasan ibn Hūd, ʿAḍūd al-Dawlah, Hūdī ruler in Murcia and SevilleURI: https://usaybia.net/person/202
Seleucus — Names: SeleucusSeleucus, founder of the Seleucid empireURI: https://usaybia.net/person/2024
Sergius of Rēsh ʿAynā/Raʾs al-ʿAyn — Names: Sergius of Rēsh ʿAynā/Raʾs al-ʿAynSergius al-Raʾsī (Sergius of Rēsh ʿAynā)Sergius of Rēsh ʿAynā/Raʾs al-ʿAyn, Syriac physician and translator (d. 536)URI: https://usaybia.net/person/2026
Shahdā al-Karkhī — Names: Shahdā al-KarkhīShahdā al-Karkhī, Syriac translatorURI: https://usaybia.net/person/2043
al-Shahrastānī, Tāj al-Dīn Abū l-Fatḥ Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm — Names: al-Shahrastānī, Tāj al-Dīn Abū l-Fatḥ Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīmal-Shahrastānī, Tāj al-Dīn Abū l-Fatḥ Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 6th/12thc. historian of religionsURI: https://usaybia.net/person/2044
al-Shahrazūrī Names: al-Shahrazūrīal-Shahrazūrī, 7th/13th-c. physician, historian and philosopherURI: https://usaybia.net/person/2045

Search Tips

For best results, users are recommended to use the advanced search functions. Search results can also be improved by the use of the the following Boolean search characters:

Wildcard Characters:

Given the prevalence of variant spellings in names, using Wildcard Characters may help.

"?" can be inserted as a variant for any single character.

Thus a search for:

G?wargis  
returns results which contain either "Gewargis" or "Giwargis".

Similarly a search for:

M?r  
returns results which contain either "Mar" or "Mor".

"*" can be inserted as a variant for multiple characters or a truncated word.

Thus a search for:

Dayr*  
returns results for "Dayr" and "Dayro" and more.

Similarly a search for

Ab*  
returns results for "ʿAbdishoʿ" and "ʿAbda" and more.

Note: Because the sources we quote use a variety of transliteration formats, Syriaca.org ignores diacritics and punctuation in searching; for example, use of "ʿ" is not required to find results with this diacritical mark.

Fuzzy Search Character

Appending the character "~" after a word returns results for words that are close but not exact matches.

Thus a search for

Aba~  
returns results which contain "Aba" but also "Abi", "Saba", "Aha", and other words that are "fuzzy" matches for "Aba".

Exact Phrase Searches

To find an exact phrase, it should be enclosed in double quotes.

Thus

"ʿAbdishoʿ I"  
returns only one result with that exact phrase, while several results are found for the words "ʿAbdishoʿ" and "I".

Proximity Characters

To find two or more words which occur within a specified range of each other, one can append the character "~" followed by a number to an "Exact Phrase" search. This allows one to search for two or more words that occur within a specified distance of each other as defined by number of words.

Thus

"Jacob+Bishop"~2  
finds three results in which the words "Jacob" and "Bishop" occur within two words of each other: "Jacob , bishop of Nisibin", "Jacob, bishop of Phesilta", and "Jacob , bishop of ‛Ānah" while a simple search for "Jacob Bishop" returns many more results.